These
Jasmine flowers I give to thee,
Joy
and happiness givest thou to me.
Lourenço
de Noronha
(Sontos
Chodnakar)
.
On
the road of solitude
With
neither joy nor pain
Lives
my heart
Waiting
for its beloved one.
Translated
by Beatriz de Abreu Fialho Gomes
from
Lucio
Rodrigues, M.A.
(1915-1973)
Department
of English,
in
Journal
of the
.
Preface
Contributors : Short biographies
Names of plants and flowers mentioned in
this compilation
Names of outstanding composers of mandos
Bibliography: A selection
Some types of traditional Konkani songs
Deknni,
dulpod and mando: An attempt to write an essay
Don Untran / Preface
Aiz hem pustok Goenchim Konknni
Gaionam uzvaddak haddunk amkam vhodd sontos ani obhiman bhogta. Ami rautanv
konknni bhas uloitole ani ti apli Maim-bhas mhunn manun ghetele hem pustok
khoxalkaien vapuddtole mhunn.
My father, António Vicente de Noronha,
first introduced me to a study of Konkani Songs in 1959, during my short visit
to our home village Chorão, Goa, and gave me a copy of the Album Cantarancho.
Since then it has been my hobby collecting and studying the wide scope of songs
in Konkani. Although the text of some songs in this compilation deviates from
the standard version, I am re-publishing them as the researchers had them
written down. The spelling of Konkani words is also retained as written by
them. I have also published the music of these songs as transcribed by them. It
needs to be edited by a professional musician.
The plural of deknni in Konkani
remains the same, that of dulpod is dulpodam and that of manddo
is mandde. In English it is deknnis and dulpods in the
plural, mando in the singular and mandos in the plural. The
translation into English should assist foreigners to understand the text but
claims no literary merit. The botanical names have been provided by Romano
Juliano Abreu of Satyawati Niwas, Bamburdem, Moira, Goa 403 514. The aspects
“type, source, lyrics and music, date, musical form, literary form, published,
translation” have been introduced by me.
I returned to Goa in December 2000 with
the intention of making it again my permanent residence, and doing intensive
field-research followed by documentation on the Konkani-Song. Owing to health
problems I had to return to Vienna.
It is my intention to make this homepage
an unedited data-bank of Konkani songs which will serve researchers as a base.
I would be grateful to receive new contributions with text and music and a
translation into English.
The copyright for the songs (dulpods and
mandos) published by André Xett and translated by António Vicente de
Noronha and Olivinho Gomes have been handed over to me. I claim no copyright. I
would be only too happy if they find world wide circulation.
Lourenço de Noronha
Romano
Juliano Abreu
from
Chorão, resident in
Satyawati
Niwas, Bamburdem, Moira
Goa
403 514
José António André Fernandes was the ninth
son of André Luis Fernandes and Lauriana Soares. He wrote the genealogy of his
family and his autobiography on his 87th birthday in 1970 in Konkani
and in Portuguese. His granduncle was working in the Portuguese mint. This
Casa da Moeda de Goa was established in 1516 (Xavier, P.D. 1992: 17). Hence
he and the following generations received the name of Xett, a Konkani
word for “goldsmith”.
José António was born on 28th
of April, 1884, in Boctavaddo, Chorão,[2]
and died in the same village on 2nd December, 1980. He studied vocal
music and violin in the school of St. Bartholomeu Church[3],
Chorão, and attended the Portuguese Primary School up to Primeiro Grau
in Escola Primaria in Chorão. He then attended an English-Medium School
in Arpora, Goa, and continued his schooling at St. Xavier´s School in Bombay
(now Mumbai). He worked in Cox & Co. Banking in Bombay for thirty Indian
Rupees per month, and in 1910 he travelled by steamer to Mozambique, then
Portuguese Africa. He started as a peon and was promoted to the status of a
clerk in a bank in 1914. After retiring, he returned to his home village where
he took an active part in the local cultural activities. He published four
booklets with Konkani prayers and hymns in 1930, 1940, 1951, and 1954 and an Album
Cantarancho in 1953 containing 104 mandos and 24 dulpods. He
also handed over to posterity a manuscript dated 1971 with mandos.
Alfredo
Francisco Noronha
from
Chorão, resident in
Alleluia
Menezes Building, Altinho Panaji
Goa
403 001
António Vicente de Noronha was born in Pandavaddo,
Chorão, on 14th March, 1895. He was the older of two brothers. His father
Lourenço was a professional violinist in the service of the Maharaja of Baroda.
His brother Anicio Sabino worked in the same profession in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
At a very tender age, as was compulsory in
those days, António Vicente attended the church school of music in his home
village. At the age of 20 he passed the Indian Matriculation Examination
held at St. Xavier´s (Jesuit) College of the Bombay University, where he had
studied, and thereafter joined the Posts and Telegraphs Dept. in Bombay as a
clerk. In March 1919 he left for Tanganyika, being recruited by the Crown
Agents Messrs. Cowasjee Dinshaw, Bombay. He sailed in an Arab dhow from Bombay
to Dar es Salaam in just under three months. He worked in the District
Administration in Tanganyika from 24.07.1919 to 03.07.1945, first as a clerk
and then as an Accounts Officer.
After returning to India from Tanganyika,
he took his wife, two daughters and four sons to St. Paul´s (Jesuit) High
School in Belgaum, Maharashtra for schooling. There he worked in the Maratha
Light Infantry from 15.09.1945 to 31.01.1946 and later as Supervisor in the
Ration Office for about three years. He visited Tanganyika in 1949 for a
short period and then returned to his home village Chorão, where he shared with
André Xett their common interest “The Konkani Song”.
António Vicente was fluent in Konkani,
Portuguese, and English and had a good knowledge of Hindi and Kiswahili. Due to
a disciplined life and constant reading he was able to maintain his
intellectual status and orally translate the Konkani songs in this collection
in July 1981 at the age of 86. His son Lourenço, the editor of this
compilation, noted down the translation. António Vicente passed away peacefully
on 7th January ,1982 in Mapusa and is buried in the cemetery of the
Bom Jesu Church in Nachinola, Goa.
Olivinho Gomes was born in Santo Estevam,
Goa, in 1943. He studied at the Portuguese Lyceum, followed by studies in an
English Medium College, acquired a Ph.D. in Sociology, and attended courses in Bharatiya
Vidya Visharad (Indological Studies).
He is at present (2002) Director of the
Centre of Konkani Development Studies, Head of the Dept. of Konkani and Dean of
the Faculty of Languages and Literature, University of Goa. He is a member of
the Goa Konkani Akademi and of the Executive Board of the Sahitya
Akademi (National Academy of Letters) in New Delhi.
Just five of his numerous publications are
mentioned in this short biography:
(Editor) Konkani Ramayana (Pre XVIth
Century Ramayana in Konkani), 328 pp. Published in 1996 by The Registrar,
Goa University, Taleigão Plateau, Goa 403 205.
Village Goa. A Study of Goan Social
Structures and Change (his Ph. D. Thesis),
432 pp. Published in 1996 (1987) by S. Chand, New Delhi 110 055.
Old Konkani Language and Literature
– The Portuguese Role, 924 pp. Published in
1999 by Konkani Sorospot Prakashan in Carvorim, Chandor, Goa 403 717.
Konkani Manasagangotri. An Anthology
of Early Konkani Literature, 342 pp. Published in
2000 by Konkani Sorospot Prakashan in Carvorim, Chandor, Goa 403 717.
The Religious Orders in Goa (XVI
–XVII Centuries). In Press 2002.
Provided
by
Romano
Juliano Abreu
from
Chorão, resident in
Goa
403 514
Konkani English Botanical
name
Abolim (Abulim) Amaranth Crossandra Undulaefolia
Two to three feet tall shrub with dark
green leaves and flowers used to make garlands.
Champo Champakaw
Pagoda Tree Plumeria Acutifolia
A small tree with smooth stem and scented
flowers, red, yellow and white in colour.
Condo Man Bamboo Bambusa
Bambose
Tall perennial grass with hard stem used
to build huts and to make mats.
Corno Indian
Oleander Thevetia
Nerifolia
Small sized tree with long narrow shiny
leaves and yellow bell shaped flowers. It is infested with bumble bees.
Erond or
Galamarac Erond Jatropa
Curca
A soft wooded shrub used for green
fencing.
Mogrim Jasmine Jasminum
Species
Shrub with weak skin which needs support. It
bears white scented flowers which are used in making garlands.
Pongero Coral tree Erythrina
Indica
Medium sized soft wooded tree with thorny
trunk. It bears flame red flowers in summer. The wood is very light, hence used
for boat-making.
Tulsi Ocinum
Sanctum
Xiuntim (Xiumtim) Chrysanthemum Dendranthema Species
Small shrub bearing big flowers with many
petals used in garlands and bouquets.
Refer
to Pereira, José/ Martins, Micael. 2000. Song of Goa. New Delhi: Aryan
Books International. pp. 62-63 and 179-213.
Costa, Alexio António ( + c. 1940) from
Loutulim, Salcete
Pondra
solla vorsam zallim
Costa, Ligório (1851-1919) from Curtorim,
Salcete
Sokanny´m
furhem uttunum
Tambrhe
rozanch´ tuje pole
Tuzo
mogu chintileari
Costa, Mariano (1898-c.1931) from Curtorim,
Salcete
Dony tiny vorsam dekun
raulim rê y aum-um
Coutinho, Caetano (1918-c. 1964) from
Divar, Ilhas
Tsondrimm
rê udelo
Dias, António João (Chaplain in Benaulim: 1914)
from Benaulim, Salcete
Sangatu
moga tuzo
Sontap
Distat Teã Cazareãchê
Estibeiro Viega da, Ermína (1890-1962) from
Curtorim, Salcete
Tuzo mogu mum rê y anja
Fernandes Inácio (1872-1927) from Curtorim,
Salcete
Estrelo
faleavelem
Aitrach´y
aum-um missa´ votalim
Fernandes, Sebastião Costa (1875-1948) from
Curtorim, Salcete
Zaito
tempu zalo
Bollkvancheri
rê boisotam
Figueiredo de, Torquato (1876-1948) from
Loutulim, Salcete
Kedim´chintily´m
naim re y avem
Adeus kortso vellu pauta
Soglem dizgras mujem tsounum
Mascarenhas, Domingo (1864-1919) from
Sangolda
Medanha e Costa, Luís (fl. 1922), Penha de
France, Ilhas
Mello de, Frederico (1834-1888) from
Benaulim, Salcete
Sorgu
nitoll go nirmollu
Menezes de, Arnaldo (1863-1917) from
Curtorim, Salcete
Anju
munnum tum sorgintso
Donim
tiny chari muinnem zale
Eko
vorso zaly´m re moga
Kosle
zall vollvolle saiba
Noketrancha
porzoll´ saiba
Suropaiech´
muja y anja
Tsondrimancha
uzvarhanum
Vintsun
karhilolea suka
Zaitim
dukam rê varoilim
Menezes, Eduardo (1862-1922) from
Loutulim, Salcete
Anju
tum archanju
Ek vorso maizo zalem
Mirhmirheanchem mujem vido
Menezes, Luís Manuel (1866-1936) from
Divar, Ilhas
Rebello, Gizelino (1875-1931) from Vernem
(Verná)
Koslem
dizgras mum rê mujem
Surya noketranche porim porzolleta
Nitoll nirmoll sarkem anjachem
Rodrigues, Luzitano (…. 1943) from Raia,
Salcete
Estrel
fanteaparavelem
Mirhmirheantso
mogu y amtso
Donim
chari vorsam zalim
Dove
rozeritso kollo
Silva, Paulo Milagres (1855-1931) from Loutulim,
Salcete
Eko
vorso bolanddilem
Refer to Pereira, José / Martins, Micael.
“Goa and its Music”, in: Boletim do Instituto Menezes Bragança, Panaji.
Nr.155 (1988) pp. 41-72 (Bibliography 43-55) for an extensive selection, and to
the Mando Festival Programmes published by the Konkani Bhasha Mandal
in Panaji for recent compositions.
Almeida, Mathew . 1988. Konkani Orthography. Panaji: Dalgado
Konknni Akademi.
Angle, Prabhakar S. 1994. Goa: Concepts and misconcepts. Mumbai:
The Goa Hindu Association Kala Vibhag.
Barreto, Lourdinho. 1984. Goemchem Git. Pustok 1 and 2. Panaji: Pedro Barreto, Printer.
Barros de, Joseph. 1989. “The first book to
be printed in India”, in: Boletim do Instituto Menezes Bragança, Panaji.
Tip. Rangel, Bastorá. Nr.
159. pp. 5-16.
Barros de, Joseph. 1993. “The clergy and
the revolt in Portuguese Goa”, in: Boletim do Instituto Menezes Bragança,
Panaji. Tip. Rangel, Bastorá. Nr.
169. pp. 21-37.
Borges, Charles J. (ed.). 2000. Goa and Portugal.
History and development. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Co.
Borges, Charles J. (ed.). Goa´s formost
nationalist: José Inácio Candido de Loyola.
New Delhi: Concept Publishing Co. (Loyola is mentioned in the mando Setembrachê
Ekvissavêru).
Bragança, Alfred. 1964. “Song and music”, in: The discovery of Goa.
Panaji: Casa J.D. Fernandes. pp. 41-53.
Cruz da, E. 1994. “A study of deknnis”, in: Boletim do Instituto
Menezes Bragança. Panaji, Goa: Tip. Rangel, Bastorá. No.
171, pp. 35-55.
Devi, Vimala/ Seabra de, Manuel. 1971. A literatura Indo-Portuguesa,
2 vol. Lisbon: Junta das Investigações do
Ultramar.
Gomes, Olivinho J.F. 1996. Village Goa. New Delhi: S. Chand &
Co. Ltd. pp. 325-358.
Gune,V.T. 1973. A guide to the
collections of records from the Goa Archives, Panaji. Panaji: Historical Archives of Goa.
Kamat, Pratima. 1988. “Political life of nineteenth century Goa as
reflected in its folk songs”, in: Shirodkar, P.P. (ed.). Goa: Cultural
trends. Panaji: Directorate of Archives, Archaelogy and Museums, Govt. of
Goa. pp. 229-242.
Kamat, Pratima. 1999. Farar Far. Local
resistance to colonial hegemony in Goa 1510-1912.
Panaji, Goa: Institute Menezes Bragança.
Kamat, Pratima. 2000. “Peasantry and the Colonial State”, in: Borges,
Charles J. Goa and Portugal. History and development. New Delhi: Concept
Publishing Co. pp. 133-158.
Khedaekar, Vinayak. 1985. Religion in Goan Folk Songs. A paper
read on 23.04.1985 at the Local History Seminar organised by the Xavier Centre
of Historical Research, Porvorim, Goa.
Lobo, Antsher. 1967. “Early reminences of Goan music”, in: Souvenir
of the Third Mando Festival. Panaji: Konkni Bhasa
Mandal.
MARG (Review of Arts), Marg
Publications, 34-38 Bank Street, Mumbai.
Menezes de, António. 1978. Goa. Historical
Notes. Panaji: Casa J.D. Fernandes.
Miranda de, Agapito. No date. Mando and
its performance. Self-Publisher.
Olivera, F.X. 1971. Gitam Jello. Mumbai: F.X. Furtado Music House.
Pereira, Gerald. 1973. An outline of pre-Portuguese history of Goa.
Panaji: Printed by Luis de Menezes at Diario da Noite Press.
Pereira, José. 1967. A sheaf of deknnis. Mumbai:
Konkan Cultural Association.
Pereira, José. 1980. “Types of Konkani
songs”, in: Indica. Mumbai: St. Xavier´s College, Institute of History
and Culture. Vol. 17/2, pp. 123-137.
Pereira, José. 1992. Literary Konkani. A
brief history. Panaji: Goa Konkani Akademi.
Pereira, José / Martins, Micael. “Goa and its
Music”, in: Boletim do Instituto Menezes Bragança, Panaji. Nrs. 128
(1981), 144 (1984) pp. 75-82, 145 (1984) pp. 19-112, 153 (1987) pp. 89-108, 154
(1988) pp. 41-48, 155 (1988) pp. 41-72 (Bibliography 43-55), 156 (1988) pp.
25-40, 158 (1989), 169 (1993) pp. 67-77.
Pereira, José / Martins, Micael. 2000. A song
of Goa. Mandos of yearning. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
Pereira, Jose. 2003. Song of Goa.
Mandos of Union and Lamentation. New
Delhi: Aryan Books International, Pooja Apartments, 4B Ansari Road, New Delhi
110 002.
Pereira, Jose. 2004. Folk Songs
of Goa. Mando Dulpods and Deknnis. New
Delhi: Aryan Books International, Pooja Apartments, 4B Ansari Road, New Delhi
110 002.
Pereira, Rui Gomes. 1978. Goa. Hindu
temples and deities. Panaji: Printwell Press.
Rodrigues, Lucio. 1954. “Konkani folk songs. No. 1: Mando“, in: Journal
of the University of Mumbai. pp. 65-68.
Rodrigues, Lucio. 1955. “Konkani folk songs. No. 2: Deknni“, in: Journal
of the University of Mumbai. pp. 65-75.
Rodrigues, Lucio. 1959. “Konkani folk songs. No. 3: Durpod“, in: Journal
of the University of Mumbai. pp. 26-49
Sardessai, Manohar L. 1978. “Portuguese influence on the Konkani
language”, in: International Seminar on Indo-Portuguese History. Mumbai:
St. Xavier´s College.
Shastry, B.S. 1981. Studies in Indo-Portuguese history.
Gandhinagar, Bangalore: IBH Prakashana.
Singh, K.S. (General Editor). 1993. People of India: Goa. Vol
XXI. Anthropological Survey of India. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.
Souza de, Carmo. 2000. “ The village
communities. A historical and legal perspective”, in: Borges, Charles J. Goa
and Portugal. History and development. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Co.
pp. 111-124.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. 1993. The Portuguese empire in Asia 1500-1700.
A political and economic history. London: Longman.
Sukhthanker, Vinayak Sadashiw. 1974. “Songs of Goa”, in: Tales and
Tellers of Goa. Asia Trading Corporation, 150, Brigade Road, Bangalore 25.
pp. 59-121.
Velinkar, Joseph. 2000. “Village communities in Goa and their
evolution”, in: Borges, Charles J. Goa and Portugal. History and development.
New Delhi: Concept Publishing Co. pp. 124-132.
Xavier, P.D. 1992. Goa. A social history 1510-1640. Panaji:
Prabhakar Bhide, Publisher.
Books and recorded music on this subject
are available from the Pedro Fernandes Music Shop and the Sinaris Music Shop in
Panaji.
Fugrhi:
Dance song at Hindu religious
festivals e.g. Ganesh.
Launnim:
Popular songs with religious
themes.
Zotti:
Songs with Indian epic
themes.
Duvallo: Pregnancy songs.
Palnnam:
Lullabies.
Ovi:
Songs with nuptial themes
whose form was used by the early
Christian missionaries for Catholic hymns. The same form was also
adapted to the text of the mandos.
Banvarh:
Religious songs for the deceased.
Talgarhi:
Songs of the Gaurhe and Harvi
(Fishermen).
Fell:
Songs of the folk drama.
Theatro:
Songs of the stage drama.
Zagor:
Songs of the Kunnbi
folk play.
[1] During the early years of
evangelization in
[2] Chorão, the present Portuguese
version, was originally known as Chudamani (Xavier, P.D. 1993: 6). The
inhabitans call it Chodna when speaking Konkani. (L. Noronha).
[3] Parish schools were established
under Viceroy Dom João de Castro in 1545 by an Order of King João III of
[4] For literature in Devanagri Konkani
refer to the catalogue: Ghanekar, Damodar. 1995. Konkani Books. Panaji:
Goa Konkani Akademi. (L.
Noronha).